Reprinted from: Publication of this reprint collection is supported by paid advertising SLAS Technology 27 (2022) 54–62 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect SLAS Technology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/slast Quantitative determination of uric acid using paper-based biosensor modified with graphene oxide and 5-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-thiol Yaw-Jen Chang a,∗ , Ming-Che Lee a , You-Chiuan Chien a,b a Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung Li District, Taoyuan City, 32023, Taiwan bChanghua Christian Hospital, Changhua City, Changhua County 500, Taiwan a r t i c l e i n f o Keywords: Uric acid 5-Amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-thiol (ATT) Graphene oxide Cyclic voltammetry a b s t r a c t Uric acid is the primary end product of human purine metabolism and has been regarded as a key parameter in urine and blood for monitoring physiological conditions. This paper presents a paper-based biosensor for a quantitative determination of uric acid using electrochemical detection. The working electrode of the biosensor is modified with graphene oxide (GO) and 5-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-thiol (ATT) by electropolymerizing ATT on the surface of graphene oxide. In this study, cyclic voltammetry (CV) measurements required only 200 L of analyte solution. The experimental results showed that the oxidation peak current increased as the concentration of uric acid become higher and exhibited a linear relationship in the concentration range of 0.1–10 mM, indicating that this proposed biosensor has high sensitivity. In addition, this biosensor has good selectivity to detect uric acid because ATT has a specific binding with it. In human blood and body fluids, nitrites may be the only factor that can interfere with the detection of uric acid using this proposed biosensor. Nevertheless, uric acid can be discriminated from nitrite in the CV measurement due to different oxidation potentials. Thus, this proposed paper-based biosensor is a promising tool for detecting uric acid in biological samples. Introduction Uric acid (UA) is the primary end product of human purine metabolism. While approximately 70% of daily uric acid is disposed of through the kidneys as a component of urine, the rest is recirculated into the blood system. In general, uric acid has homeostatic solubility in human serum. When the homeostasis of uric acid is interfered with, some physiological disorders may occur. Hence, uric acid has been regarded as a key parameter in urine and blood for monitoring physiological conditions and an important diagnostic biomarker for several systemic diseases. Since purine is disintegrated into uric acid, the UA concentration is related to purine metabolism and normally remains in a stable range for healthy persons. The normal concentration of uric acid present in the blood is in the range of 3–7 mg/dL, whereas that excreted in the urine is about 16–100mg/dL per 24 h. [1–3] A high purine intake from diet produces an excessive amount of uric acid in the human body. When the excessive uric acid gets concentrated and crystallized, the crystallites cause numerous illnesses. Gout is such an ailment caused by the deposition of crystallites of uric acid in human joints. Besides, excessive uric acid levels are key pathogenesis of several diseases, including hyperuricemia (i.e., high UA concentration), heavy hepatitis, Lesch−Nyan syndrome, cardiovascular diseases, gouty arthritis, UA urolithiasis, even ∗ Corresponding author. E-mail address: justin@cycu.edu.tw (Y.-J. Chang). chronic renal diseases. A high level of uric acid in the blood is a serious problem for health. The prevalence rate of hyperuricemia is rising on a global scale, imposing a growing disease burden in healthcare systems. [4] Conversely, an abnormally low uric acid level can also cause other diseases, such as multiple sclerosis. In other words, variations in uric acid concentration might result in physiological disorders. Quantitative determination of uric acid is of great importance for clinical needs in disease diagnosis and medicine control. Various analytical approaches have been proposed to detect uric acid, including spectrophotometry, [5] electrochemiluminescence (also called electrogenerated chemiluminescence, ECL), [6–8] surfaceenhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), [3,9] electrochemical analysis, [10–12] etc. Recently, electrochemical techniques have become remarkable methods in detecting uric acid because these techniques exhibit simplicity and great sensitivity based on the interaction of electrical energy and matter. Nevertheless, an electrode’s surface modification is key to improving selectivity in detecting electrochemically active compounds. [13,14] In the literature, the electrodes modified with carbon nanotubes, nanoparticles, and electroactive polymers have been studied for detecting uric acid or simultaneous determination of ascorbic acid, dopamine, and uric acid. [15–17] However, most of these methods for surface modifications rely on expensive instruments or require sophisticated processes. Furthermore, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.slast.2021.10.010 2472-6303/© 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of Society for Laboratory Automation and Screening. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
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